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	<title>A Holistic View of The Human Being</title>
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	<description>This blog is my attempt to practice my writing skills not only about Medical Science, but also other things related to the human-being. Because by this way, I think it can help me to look at the human being holistically.</description>
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		<title>A Holistic View of The Human Being</title>
		<link>http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com</link>
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		<title>I Look There is A Hope Light in 2010</title>
		<link>http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/2009/12/30/i-look-there-is-a-hope-light-in-2010/</link>
		<comments>http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/2009/12/30/i-look-there-is-a-hope-light-in-2010/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Dec 2009 05:11:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>virusimoet</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[My Life Stories]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[“Do you know everyone? I recently walked with my creations into a dark way, where we looked there was a beam of white light in front of us. I know that it wasn’t a common light and I was certain sure that it was a beam of hope light in 2010.”
god of imaginations


Just few days [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=catherinemaname.wordpress.com&blog=4515786&post=344&subd=catherinemaname&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><p><em>“Do you know everyone? I recently walked with my creations into a dark way, where we looked there was a beam of white light in front of us. I know that it wasn’t a common light and I was certain sure that it was a beam of hope light in 2010.”</em></p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><em>god of imaginations</em></p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><em><span id="more-344"></span><br />
</em></p>
<p>Just few days more we will leave 2009 and I think this is the right time to do reflections and introspections. Ok, let me tell the first part in a story!</p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em>“ Please help me! Somebody who is in outside there, please help me! Please give some of your time to free me.”</em></p>
<p><em>“ Hahaha.. Do you hope that there will be a person who helps you? Come on! It’s just a wasting hope for you.”</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p>“Sigh! Fortunately, it’s only a dream.”  said her. Then, she wakes up from her bed and takes a bath. She will start her routines day again, but always with a big hope.</p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em>Yeah, a big hope.. A big hope to every people who is hoped can help her.</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p>“ Hi, girl! How are you? What are you doing?” addressed a beautiful woman, smiling.</p>
<p>“ I’m fine sister! Oh, I’m reading this announcement.” said her, replied smiling.</p>
<p><em>“ Hmm..very nice person. I think she can help me.”</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em>***</em></p>
<p><strong>[ Few years more]</strong></p>
<p><em>O, a rope, why do you always rope myself?</em></p>
<p><em>O, an emptiness room, why don’t you show myself a way to an exit gate?</em></p>
<p><em>O, myself, what a pity! However, don’t worry because you will free soon!</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em>“ Hi, you, a monster of emptiness room, why do you hold me on this room so long? Listen to me! I will exit from this room and free soon forever because I have one nice person and I’m sure she can give the freedom for me.”</em></p>
<p><em>“ Hahaha.. Ok, let’s see if your nice person can help you!”</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em> </em> “ Hi, girl what’s wrong with you? Please tell me what’s the problem.”</p>
<p><em>“ Listen myself! She said that she want to help me. She will free you.” </em></p>
<p><em>***</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em>“ Myself, I have told her all about your problems and she was looked interesting heard my story. Imagine you will free with her help!”</em></p>
<p><em> “ Oh, I hope so girl! However I saw she didn’t put the interest on your story. I think she just pretended interest on your problems because she thinks by do it she can be liked by every people. So, I don’t want to hope so much.”</em></p>
<p><em> “ But she always gives me the solutions, myself.”</em></p>
<p><em> “ Yeah, I looked it. Sometimes she was seen give attention to your problems and after that she will tell every stories, every problems to all peoples. She will be happy, if she keeps getting the praise and will be proud because she always try to make the good impression, while the other will be told so bad by her. ”</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em>Sister, actually I need your help to give the freedom to myself,</em></p>
<p><em>but now I don’t put my wish to you anymore, so do to all peoples</em></p>
<p><em>because the hopes to the others are causing a pain for me now.</em></p>
<p><em>***</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p>Ok, that’s a short story which I make to express my sadness. Honestly, until this day I still feel sad, but I know I should get up, can’t keep on falling down. My friend ever said: “There’s no love. It’s just an important.” I don’t totally agree with him, but I admit one part of this statement that every people will help you, if she/he has an important with it.</p>
<p>So, I get the big lesson in 2009 that I shouldn’t hope getting help from the others so much. Only me that can help and care on myself. If I need the other’s help I keep asking, but without a hope. I will say: “thanks for your help” if I get the help, but if not I just say: “ok, it’s up to you. I know you don’t want to help me because you don’t have an important from that.”</p>
<p>It also be my principle when I pray to God. I still believe that God can help me and I still wish to get miracles from God, but I don’t make bold to put the wish so much.  Fortunately, I still get the opportunity to feel that miracle, it was the biggest miracle for me. I asked God with a vow and of course I will do it. Thanks God for that!</p>
<p>For my dreams in 2010, of course I want to pass and get the bachelor degree and then I will be a doctor. However I hope I can develop my blog to be a most believing source of knowledges (especially in medicine), but in an understanding easy way. Often I’m too busy with this blog and thanks for them who always advice me to focus on my lecture because I need the doctor title. I have a biggest dream to develop this blog be a research journal in the next years. I know it’s very difficult but I will keep trying until I get it. Firstly, I will try to study the everything about research methods because I know my knowledges about that is still poor and then in 2010 try to make a little research although probably is very disorganized, but it is named a learning, right?</p>
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			<media:title type="html">virusimoet</media:title>
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		<item>
		<title>Mari Kita Sukseskan Program Keluarga Berencana!</title>
		<link>http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/mari-kita-sukseskan-program-keluarga-berencana/</link>
		<comments>http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/mari-kita-sukseskan-program-keluarga-berencana/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 08:48:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>virusimoet</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Social Problems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Masalah-Masalah Sosial]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Indonesia Version]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Sudah bukan rahasia lagi bahwa Negara Indonesia memiliki masalah kependudukan yang sejak lama tak kunjung selesai. Indonesia merupakan salah satu Negara yang memiliki jumlah penduduk tertinggi di dunia. Tahun 1990, penduduk dunia berjumlah 5,3 miliar. Dari jumlah tersebut, 1,4 miliar jiwa (26%) merupakan penduduk miskin. Pada tahun 2000, jumlah penduduk dunia ada 6,1 miliar jiwa. [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=catherinemaname.wordpress.com&blog=4515786&post=342&subd=catherinemaname&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><p>Sudah bukan rahasia lagi bahwa Negara Indonesia memiliki masalah kependudukan yang sejak lama tak kunjung selesai. Indonesia merupakan salah satu Negara yang memiliki jumlah penduduk tertinggi di dunia. Tahun 1990, penduduk dunia berjumlah 5,3 miliar. Dari jumlah tersebut, 1,4 miliar jiwa (26%) merupakan penduduk miskin. Pada tahun 2000, jumlah penduduk dunia ada 6,1 miliar jiwa. Sebanyak 20 persen penduduk dunia memiliki pendapatan di atas US$ 100 per hari. Namun lebih dari satu miliar penduduk dunia berpendapatan US$ 1 per hari.</p>
<p><span id="more-342"></span></p>
<p>Para pakar kependudukan memperkirakan jumlah penduduk dunia pada tahun 2015 mencapai 7,2 miliar. Indonesia mengalami ledakan jumlah penduduk (<em>baby booming</em>) yang diestimasikan 220 juta tahun ini menjadi 247,5 juta jiwa pada tahun 2015 dan 273 juta jiwa pada tahun 2025.</p>
<p>Hal ini menjadi suatu masalah besar bagi Indonesia karena berbeda dengan Amerika Serikat yang memiliki jumlah penduduk yang banyak, tetapi sebagian besar penduduknya memiliki kualitas yang baik. Saat ini kualitas penduduk Indonesia umumnya masih rendah, tercermin dari tingkat pendidikan mereka dimana hamper 2/3 penduduk berpendidikan dibawah SMP. Kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia Indonesia yang masih sangat rendah ini meningkatkan beban kepada Negara karena Ledakan jumlah penduduk ini akan berdampak luas terhadap penyediaan anggaran dan fasilitas kesehatan, pendidikan, serta ketersediaan pangan. Ledakan jumlah penduduk ini pun akan berdampak terhadap pemenuhan gizi bayi serta meningkatnya angka pengangguran.</p>
<p>Sudah ada suatu program yang telah dijalankan pemerintah Indonesia untuk menahan ledakan penduduk ini, yaitu dengan suatu program yang dikenal dengan istilah Keluarga Berencana. Program ini cukup efektif dalam mengurangi laju pertumbuhan penduduk, tetapi masalah klasik yang tidak pernah hilang adalah pelaksanaan program ini sering terabaikan apalagi setelah terjadi otonomi daerah.</p>
<p>Saya akan menjelaskan beberapa jenis cara yang digunakan dalam program Keluarga Berencana untuk mengurangi laju pertumbuhan penduduk Indonesia.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Cara Alami</strong>
<ol>
<li><strong>Pantang berkala (<em>rhythm method</em>)</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Mula-mula dicatat lama siklus haid selama 3 bulan terakhir. Tentukan lama siklus haid terpendek dan terpanjang. Kemudian siklus haid terpendek dikurangi dengan 18 hari dan siklus haid terpanjang dikurangi dengan 11 hari. Dua angka yang diperoleh merupakan masa subur. Dalam masa subur tersebut harus pantang sanggama, di luar itu merupakan masa aman.</p>
<p>Cara lain untuk menentukan masa aman ialah dengan suhu basal badan. Menjelang ovulasi suhu basal badan akan turun. Kurang lebih 24 jam sesudah ovulasi suhu basal badan akan naik lagi sampai lebih tinggi daripada suhu sebelum ovulasi. Fenomena ini dapat digunakan untuk menentukan saat ovulasi.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<ol>
<li><strong>Sanggama terputus</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Ialah penarikan penis dari vagina sebelum terjadi ejakulasi. Hal ini berdasarkan kenyataan bahwa akan terjadi ejakulasi disadari sebelumnya oleh bagian terbesar pria dan setelah itu masih ada waktu kira-kira 1 detik sebelum ejakulasi terjadi. Waktu yang singkat ini dapat digunakan untuk menarik penis keluar dari vagina. <strong></strong></p>
<ol>
<li>
<ol>
<li><strong>Perpanjangan masa menyusui anak (<em>prolonged       lactation</em>)</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Memperpanjang masa laktasi sering dilakukan untuk mencegah kehamilan karena seperti yang telah diketahui bahwa kemungkinan untuk menjadi hamil menjadi lebih kecil apabila mereka terus menyusui anaknya setelah melahirkan. Laktasi dikaitkan dengan adanya prolaktinemi dan prolaktin menekan adanya ovulasi.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Cara Kimia</strong>
<ol>
<li><strong>Spermatisid</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Terdiri dari 2 komponen, yaitu: zat kimiawi yang mampu mematikan spermatozoa dan vehikulum yang nonaktif dan diperlukan  untuk membuat <em>cream/jelly.</em></p>
<ul>
<li><strong><em>Suppositorium</em></strong><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Dimasukkan sejauh mungkin ke dalam vagina sebelum koitus. Obat ini baru mulai aktif setelah 5 menit. Lama kerjanya kurang lebih 20 menit – 1 jam.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong><em>Jelly/crème</em></strong><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><em>Jelly </em>lebih encer daripada <em>crème. </em>Obat ini disemprotkan ke dalam vagina menggunakan suatu alat. Lama kerjanya kurang lebih 20 menit – 1 jam.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Tablet busa</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Sebelum digunakan, tablet terlebih dahulu dicelupkan ke dalam air, kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam vagina sejauh mungkin. Lama kerjanya 30 – 60 menit.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong><em>C-film</em></strong><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Benda tipis, dapat dilipat, dan larut dalam air. Dalam vagina obat ini merupakan gel dengan tingkat dispersi yang tinggi dan menyebar pada porsio uteri dan vagina. Obat mulai efektif setelah 30 menit.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<ol>
<li><strong>Pembilasan pascasanggama (<em>postcoital       douche</em>)</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Tujuannya adalah mengeluarkan sperma secara mekanis dari vagina. Penambahan cuka ialah untuk memperoleh efek spermisida serta menjaga asiditas vagina.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Cara Mekanis</strong>
<ol>
<li><strong>Kondom</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Prinsip kerja kondom adalah sebagai perisai dari penis sewaktu melakukan koitus dan mencegah pengumpulan sperma dalam vagina. Bentuk kondom adalah silindris dengan pinggir yang tebal pada ujung terbuka sedangkan ujung yang buntu sebagai penampung sperma. Kondom dilapisi pelican yang mempunyai sifat spermatisid. Efek samping kondom tidak ada, kecuali jika ada alergi terhadap bahan untuk membuat karet.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<ol>
<li><strong>Pessarium</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><strong>Diafragma vaginal</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Terdiri atas kantong karet yang berbentuk mangkuk dengan per elastis pada pinggirnya. Per ini ada yang terbuat dari logam tipis yang tidak dapat berkarat dan ada pula dari kawat halus yang tergulung sebagai spiral dan mempunyai sifat seperti per.</p>
<p>Paling cocok dipakai wanita dengan dasar panggul yang tidak longgar dan dengan tonus dinding vagina yang baik. Umumnya tidak menimbulkan banyak efek samping. Efek samping mungkin disebabkan oleh reaksi alergik terhadap obat-obat spermatisida yang digunakan atau oleh perkembangbiakan bakteri yang berlebihan dalam vagina jika diafragma dibiarkan terlalu lama terpasang.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong><em>Cervical cap</em></strong><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Dibuat dari plastik atau karet dan mempunyai bentuk mangkuk yang dalam dengan pinggirnya terbuat dari karet yang tebal. Jarang dipakai untuk kontrasepsi.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<ol>
<li><strong>AKDR (Alat Kontrasepsi Dalam Rahim)</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Ada yang berpendapat bahwa AKDR sebagai benda asing menimbulkan reaksi radang setempat dengan sebukan leukosit yang dapat melarutkan blatosis atau sperma. Untuk mekanisme kerja AKDR yang dililiti kawat tembaga mungkin berlainan. Tembaga dalam konsentrasi kecil yang dikeluarkan ke dalam rongga uterus selain menimbulkan reaksi radang juga bisa menghambat khasiat anhidrase karbon dan fosfatase alkali. AKDR yang mengeluarkan hormone juga menebalkan lendir serviks sehingga menghalangi pasasi sperma.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Cara Hormonal</strong>
<ol>
<li><strong>Pil</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Ada pil estrogen, progesteron, dan kombinasi (antara estrogen dan progesteron). Hormon estrogen bisa dijadikan kontrasepsi dengan cara mempengaruhi ovulasi, perjalanan ovum, atau implantasi. Progesteron untuk menyiapkan endometrium untuk implantasi dan mempertahankan kehamilan.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<ol>
<li><strong>Suntikan</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Kontrasepsi yang digunakan ialah <em>long-acting progestin</em>, yaitu: Noretisteron enantat (NETEN) dan Depomedroksi progesterone acetat (DMPA).</p>
<ol>
<li>
<ol>
<li><strong>Implantasi</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Efektivitas progestin sebagai kontrasepsi dapat diperpanjang dengan cara memasukkan progestin tersebut ke suatu <em>delivery system.</em> Ada beberapa macam <em>delivery system </em>antara lain cincin vagina, implant, dan mikrokapsul.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Cara Bedah</strong>
<ol>
<li><strong>Tubektomi</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Ialah tindakan bedah yang dilakukan pada kedua tuba Falloppii wanita. Tindakan yang dilakukan sebagai tindakan pendahuluan untuk mencapai tuba Falloppii terdiri atas pembedahan transabdominal seperti laparotomi, mini laparotomi, laparoskopi; dan pembedahan transvaginal seperti kolpotomi posterior, kuldoskopi; serta pembedahan transservikal (transuterin) seperti penutupan lumen tuba histeroskopik.</p>
<p>Untuk menutup lumen dalam tuba dapat dilakukan pemotongan tuba dengan berbagai macam cara: Pomeroy, Irving, Uchida, Kroener, dan Aldridge.</p>
<p><strong>Kesimpulan</strong></p>
<p>Telah saya uraikan di atas mengenai beberapa fakta yang terjadi di Indonesia mengenai salah satu masalah kependudukan yang dari zaman pemerintahan Belanda sampai sekarang ini belum kunjung usai. Pemerintah telah lama menetapkan Program Keluarga Berencana yang menurut saya cukup efektif untuk mengurangi laju pertumbuhan penduduk. Namun, sayang sekali program ini belum dilaksanakan dengan baik di seluruh bagian Negara ini. Sudah saatnya kita semua ikut bekerja sama dalam mensukseskan program Keluarga Berencana.</p>
<p><em>Written by </em>Catherine Maname Uli</p>
<p>Daftar Pustaka :</p>
<ol>
<li>Esther Kuntjara Ph.D. 2003. Gender, Bahasa      dan Kekuasaan. Jakarta: Gunung Mulia.</li>
<li>Indonesia      Abaikan KB, Ledakan Penduduk Mengancam. 2008. Available      from the URL: <a href="http://www.sinarharapan.co.id/cetak/berita/read/indonesia-abaikan-kb-ledakan-penduduk-mengancam/">http://www.sinarharapan.co.id/cetak/berita/read/indonesia-abaikan-kb-ledakan-penduduk-mengancam/</a></li>
</ol>
<p>Ledakan Jumlah Penduduk Mencemaskan. Program Keluarga Berencana Diabaikan. Available from the URL: <a href="http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/%202008/08/25/02130749/%20ledakan.jumlah.penduduk.mencemaskan">http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/%202008/08/25/02130749/%20ledakan.jumlah.penduduk.mencemaskan</a></p>
Posted in Social Problems Tagged: Masalah-Masalah Sosial, Social Problems, The Indonesia Version <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/342/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/342/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/342/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/342/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/342/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/342/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/342/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/342/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/342/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/342/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=catherinemaname.wordpress.com&blog=4515786&post=342&subd=catherinemaname&ref=&feed=1" />]]></content:encoded>
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			<media:title type="html">virusimoet</media:title>
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		<title>Let’s Success The Planning Family Program!</title>
		<link>http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/let%e2%80%99s-success-the-planning-family-program/</link>
		<comments>http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/let%e2%80%99s-success-the-planning-family-program/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 08:40:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>virusimoet</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Social Problems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Masalah-Masalah Sosial]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The English Version]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/?p=340</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[It’s not a secret that Indonesia has inhabitant problems since a few time ago. Indonesia is one of nations that has a high inhabitant quantity in the world. In 1990, the world inhabitant is 5,3 billion. 1,4 billion (26%) is poor society. In 2000, the world inhabitant is 6,1 billion. There are 20% of the [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=catherinemaname.wordpress.com&blog=4515786&post=340&subd=catherinemaname&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><p>It’s not a secret that Indonesia has inhabitant problems since a few time ago. Indonesia is one of nations that has a high inhabitant quantity in the world. In 1990, the world inhabitant is 5,3 billion. 1,4 billion (26%) is poor society. In 2000, the world inhabitant is 6,1 billion. There are 20% of the world society has income above US$ 100 a day. However more than one billion world society just has income US$ 1 a day.</p>
<p><span id="more-340"></span><br />
The society experts have a prediction that in 2015 the world inhabitant can be up to 7,2 billion. Indonesia has baby booming that estimated 220 million in 2008 will be 247,5 million people in 2015 and 273 million people in 2025.</p>
<p>This is a big problem for Indonesia because of  the difference with United of States that has many inhabitants, but has a good quality. The Indonesia society quality is still low generally, looked from their education levels which 2/3 of society is under Junior High School. The Indonesian resources quality that still very low can increase a problem to the country because this inhabitant booming will have impacts to budget and health facilities, education, and foods. Besides that it can have impact on baby’s nutrient and increase the unemployment number.</p>
<p>There is a program that has been done by the Indonesian governor to restrain this inhabitant booming by The Planning Family Program. This program quite enough in inhabitant growth rate decreasing, but the classic problem is the implementation of this program is often ignored moreover after territory otonomy.</p>
<p>I will explain kinds of method that used in Planning Family Program to decrease the Indonesia inhabitant growth rate.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Natural</strong>
<ol>
<li><strong>Rhythm method</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>First, record the menstruation cycle duration for 3 months latest. Determine the shortest and longest duration menstruation. Then the shortest duration menstruation is decreased by 18 days and the longest menstruation cycle is decresed by 11 days. Two numbers that resulted is the fertile period. You must do coitus prohibition, besides that is a safe period.</p>
<p>The other method to determine safe period is by the body basalt temperature. Around the ovulation, the body basalt temperature will decrease. It’s about 24 hours after ovulation, the body basalt temperature will increase again up to higher than the temperature before ovulation.  This phenomenon can be used to determine ovulation period.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<ol>
<li><strong>The Coitus Broken</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Is pulling of penis from vagina before ejaculation. This thing is based on the fact that will aware of ejaculation firstly by some men and after that there are still one second before ejaculation. This short time can be used to take penis outside from vagina. <strong></strong></p>
<ol>
<li>
<ol>
<li><strong>Prolonged lactation</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>A lactation period increasing is often done to prevent pregnancy because as we know that the possibility to pregnant is lower when they always give suck their baby after bear. Lactation is related by prolactinemy and prolactin push on ovulation.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Chemical</strong>
<ol>
<li><strong>Spermaticide</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Is from 2 components: a chemical substance that can destroy spermatozoa and inactive vehiculum that needed to make cream/jelly<em>.</em></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Suppositorium</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Given into vagina as far as possible before coitus. This drug will be active after 5 minutes. The duration is about more than 20 minutes-1 hour.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Jelly/crème</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Jelly is more diluted than crème<em>. </em>This drug is syringed into vagina by a tool. The duration is about 20 minutes-1 hour.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Foam Tablet</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>First, tablet is immersed in water before using. Then into vagina as far as possible. The duration 30-60 minutes.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>C-film</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>The slight thing, can be creased, and fused in water. This drug into vagina is a gel by a high dispersion level and spread on utery portio and vagina. The drug will be effective after 30 minutes.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<ol>
<li><strong>Postcoital Douche</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>The purpose is to remove sperma mechanically from vagina. The vinegar increasing is to get spermicide effect and keep the vagina acidity.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Hormonal</strong>
<ol>
<li><strong>Pill</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>There are estrogen pill, progesteron, and combination (between estrogen and progesteron). Estrogen hormone can be  contraceptions by influence ovulation, ovum, or implantation. Progesteron is to prepare endometrium to implantate and keep on pregnancy.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<ol>
<li><strong>Injection</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>The contraception that used is long-acting progestin: Noretisteron enantat (NETEN) and Depomedroksi progesterone acetat (DMPA).</p>
<ol>
<li>
<ol>
<li><strong>Implantation</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>The progestin effectivity as contraception can be increased by put that progestin into delivery system<em>.</em> There are some kinds of delivery system: vagina ring, implant, and microcapsule.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Surgery</strong>
<ol>
<li><strong>Tubectomy</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Is a surgery that done on both of women Falloppii tube. As the first action to reach Falloppii tube is transabdominal surgery as laparotomy, mini laparotomy, laparoscope; and transvaginal surgery is like colpotomy posterior, culdoscope; and transservical surgery (transuterin) is like shutting histeroscopis tube lumen.</p>
<p>To shut lumen in tube can be done by tube cutting in some methods: Pomeroy, Irving, Uchida, Kroener, and Aldridge.</p>
<p><strong>The Conclusion</strong></p>
<p>I have explain above some facts in Indonesia about one of inhabitant problems from colonial until now. The governor had long of durations determine Planning Family Program that in my opinion is quite effective to decrease inhabitant growth rate. However, unfortunately this program is not done well in entire parts this country. This is the time for us to support the Planning Family Program.</p>
<p>Written by<em> </em>Catherine Maname Uli</p>
<p>The References :</p>
<ol>
<li>??</li>
<li><em>Indonesia      Abaikan KB, Ledakan Penduduk Mengancam</em><em>.</em> 2008. Available from the URL: <a href="http://www.sinarharapan.co.id/cetak/berita/read/indonesia-abaikan-kb-ledakan-penduduk-mengancam/">http://www.sinarharapan.co.id/cetak/berita/read/indonesia-abaikan-kb-ledakan-penduduk-mengancam/</a></li>
<li><em>Ledakan Jumlah      Penduduk Mencemaskan. Program Keluarga Berencana Diabaikan</em>. Available from the URL: <a href="http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/%202008/08/25/02130749/%20ledakan.jumlah.penduduk.mencemaskan">http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/%202008/08/25/02130749/%20ledakan.jumlah.penduduk.mencemaskan</a></li>
</ol>
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			<media:title type="html">virusimoet</media:title>
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		<title>Pada Mulanya Adalah Kehampaan, Akankah Ini Terjadi Selamanya?</title>
		<link>http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/2009/09/24/pada-mulanya-adalah-kehampaan-akankah-ini-terjadi-selamanya/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 24 Sep 2009 03:32:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>virusimoet</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[My Life Stories]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Indonesia Version]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/?p=319</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[“ Kalau begini ingin sekali rasanya aku hidup dalam kesendirian; bergulat dan bergumul sendirian. Namun, kurasa hal itu hampir-hampir mustahil karena aku harus berjumpa denganmu, kalian, dia, dan mereka. Sehingga mau tidak mau aku harus peduli dengan dirimu dan dirinya dan di situlah hal yang paling menyakitkan; peduli tetapi tidak pernah dipedulikan, mencoba merangkul tetapi tidak pernah merasakan rangkulan..
Sulit rasanya berada di pertengahan jalan seperti ini, aku memang harus MEMILIH.”
Seorang tuhan,
yang hanya dimuliakan di alam bawah sadar sana 
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=catherinemaname.wordpress.com&blog=4515786&post=319&subd=catherinemaname&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><blockquote><p><em>“ Kalau begini ingin sekali rasanya aku hidup dalam kesendirian; bergulat dan bergumul sendirian. Namun, kurasa hal itu hampir-hampir mustahil karena aku harus berjumpa denganmu, kalian, dia, dan mereka. Sehingga mau tidak mau aku harus peduli dengan dirimu dan dirinya dan di situlah hal yang paling menyakitkan; peduli tetapi tidak pernah dipedulikan, mencoba merangkul tetapi tidak pernah merasakan rangkulan..</em></p>
<p><em>Sulit rasanya berada di pertengahan jalan seperti ini, aku memang harus MEMILIH.”</em></p>
<p align="right"><em>Seorang tuhan,</em></p>
<p align="right"><em>yang hanya dimuliakan di alam bawah sadar sana</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="right"><em><span id="more-319"></span><br />
</em>
</p>
<p align="right"><em> </em></p>
<p align="right"><em> </em></p>
<p align="right"><em> </em></p>
<p>Sudah lama aku berusaha keluar dari sebuah pintu yang menuju kepada kehampaan. Kehampaan dari alam ini dihuni berjuta-juta bahkan bemilyar-milyar mahluk yang kata orang hidup melalui kesadaran. Hidup itu sendiri apakah diukur hanya dari bisa bernafas dan bergerak saja sehingga mahluk-mahluk yang menganggap dirinya sangat sempurna dibandingkan yang lain ini begitu dingin sampai bisa membekukan yang ada di sekitarnya? Apakah mahluk-mahluk ini hanya berpikir bahwa hidup ini tidak lebih dari pemenuhan <em>inner desire (id) </em>semata?</p>
<p>Perlu kalian ketahui bahwa bangunan kehampaan ini dibangun atas suatu fondasi yang kuat, yang dinamakan <em>loneliness. </em>Ada dua tingkatan dalam bangunan ini, pada tingkatan pertama kalian bisa melihat ada sbuah tulisan di sana yang tergantung dalam sebuah bingkai kehidupan yang bagus di sana:</p>
<blockquote><p>“<em>Loneliness does not come from having no people about one, but from being unable to communicate to others the things that seem important to oneself.” Jung.</em></p></blockquote>
<p>Namun, jika kalian naik ke tingkat di atasnya tidak ada satupun yang dapat kalian jumpai di sana. Seluruh bagian terlihat kosong menggambarkan <em>emptiness</em>, menguatkan kesan bahwa ini adalah benar-benar bangunan kehampaan<em>.</em></p>
<p>Setiap mahluk yang merasa dirinya manusia pasti tidak mampu melawan kodratnya sebagai mahluk sosial. Semua ingin berada sejauh-jauhnya dari bangunan kehampaan. Semua memiliki keinginan untuk didengarkan, dihargai, diperhatikan, dan disayangi. Semua ingin berbagi masalah dan kebahagiaannya kepada orang lain. Semuanya termasuk aku.</p>
<p>Aku telah mengatakan dengan jujur dan sangat <em>blak-blakan </em>kepada beberapa orang bahwa aku sangat membutuhkannya. Aku benar-benar seperti berteriak minta tolong: “Tolong kasihani aku! Aku butuh telinga untuk mendengarkan keluh-kesahku. Aku butuh tangan untuk merangkulku ketika aku sangat rapuh.” Aku menceritakan segala yang terjadi pada masa hidupku yang dulu dengan harapan aku mendapatkan secuil saja pengharapan dari orang lain untuk diriku.</p>
<p>Namun, aku ternyata salah. Memang mungkin saja ceritaku menorehkan rasa kasihan di dalam hati mereka, tetapi sepertinya hal itu hanya berakhir sampai rasa kasihan itu saja, tidak lebih. Mereka semua tetap hanya menonjolkan <em>id </em>semata.</p>
<p>Aku sama sekali tidak menyalahkan siapa saja termasuk diriku. Memang hal yang paling menyakitkan menurutku adalah pengharapan yang terlalu berlebihan kepada orang lain. Berharap dengan aku menceritakan semua tentang masa laluku, kekuranganku, dan keinginanku aku akan mendapatkan apa yang kubutuhkan. Benar-benar sangat menyakitkan. Ini dapat diibaratkan seperti sebuah tangki yang sudah sangat kering dan sangat berharap dengan menceritakan segalanya ada orang yang mau berbelaskasihan mengisi tangki ini.</p>
<p>Yah, mau bagaimana lagi? Setiap manusia berhak menentukan hidupnya sendiri. Aku tidak bisa memaksa siapapun juga untuk mengisi tangkiku ini. Akhirnya aku berpikir memang setiap masalah hanya diriku saja yang dapat merasakannya. Hanya diriku saja yang dapat merasakan emosinya dan ekspresinya untuk menangis. Begitu juga dengan kebahagiaan, keinginan, dan sukacita hanya diri sendiri saja yang begitu peduli untuk menciptakan suatu luapan emosi dan ekspresi.</p>
<p>Ketika aku harus menerima kenyataan pahit ini, aku tetap tidak ingin masuk ke bangunan kehampaan itu. Aku sendiri telah memutuskan untuk mencoba menjajaki alam baru di bawah sadar sana bersama Swara yang telah memperkenalkan terlebih dahulu alam ini kepadaku karena hanya di alam inilah diriku dimuliakan sebagai seorang tuhan. 3-4 orang di sana memuliakanku lebih baik daripada bermilyar-milyar mahluk di kesadaran sana yang mungkin tidak hidup. Walaupun aku berpikir mungkinkah 3-4 orang ini sebenarnya 1? Entahlah, aku tidak peduli.</p>
<p>7 jam, 7 hari, 7 bulan, 7 tahun, atau mungkinkah sampai selamanya ini akan terjadi?</p>
<p style="text-align:right;">by: Catherine Maname Uli</p>
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		<title>Anugrah untuk Anak Berbakat</title>
		<link>http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/2009/09/22/anugrah-untuk-anak-berbakat/</link>
		<comments>http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/2009/09/22/anugrah-untuk-anak-berbakat/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Sep 2009 16:28:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>virusimoet</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Medical Sciences]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psikologi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sisi Ilmu Kedokteran]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Indonesia Version]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/?p=316</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Apa yang Harus Kita Lakukan?
	Seringkali kita salah menilai bahwa anak-anak ini mengalami retardasi, ADHD, atau autis. Belum lagi kita melihat mereka seperti “anak nakal” menjadi begitu bosan di sekolah sehingga menjadi pengganggu dan tidak mau mengerjakan apa-apa. Mereka seringkali terlihat kurang dalam akademis, memiliki masalah emosi, dan sulit bersosialisasi membuat mereka sulit teridentifikasi. Kita perlu membangun hubungan dekat dengan mereka sehingga kita dapat mengenal mereka yang memiliki kemampuan konseptual yang baik, kemampuan abstrak yang baik, dan kreativitas. Sebisa mungkin kita memberikan pendidikan yang sesuai dengan potensi-potensinya sehingga mereka dapat memaksimalkan potensi yang ada dengan baik.
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><p>Anak-anak, khususnya anak  prasekolah, biasanya terlihat cemerlang, menakjubkan, ingin sekali belajar, dan cenderung artistik. Mereka membuat kita senang dengan menanyakan beberapa pertanyaan seperti filsuf-filsuf kecil atau dengan suka melucu, suka melukis yang kadang-kadang menyerupai pekerjaan pelukis terkenal abad 20. Sesuai perkembangan otak dan lingkungan rumah yang normal, bakat-bakat ini adalah alami untuk sebagian besar anak-anak. Namun, adakalanya kita memperhatikan seorang anak yang kemampuan-kemampuannya begitu jauh melampaui anak-anak lain yang kita sadari bahwa tidak semua anak prasekolah adalah benar-benar berbakat.</p>
<p>Sangat menyedihkan, kita mengetahui jauh lebih sedikit tentang hal-hal yang luar biasa dari anak-anak ini dibandingkan kekurangan mereka: keterbelakangan, gangguan emosi, dan masalah belajar. Para psikolog lebih sering memperhatikan kekurangan-kekurangan ini daripada kelebihannya. Sebuah pergerakan menarik  baru-baru ini di akademi psikologi di Amerika, dipelopori oleh Martin Seligman di Universitas Pennsylvania. Dia meminta untuk lebih menekankan pada “psikologi positif.” Psikologi positif sekarang sedang mempelajari karakter positif seperti kejujuran dan harapan, keadaan alamiah dari keberbakatan, dan bagaimana untuk memeliharanya.</p>
<p><span id="more-316"></span></p>
<p><strong>Apa yang Dimaksud Dengan Berbakat?</strong></p>
<p>Paling banyak  orang melihat dari “IQ tinggi” saja. Namun, sebenarnya secara luas dapat dilihat dari beberapa domain: kemampuan verbal atau matematika (yang diukur dengan tes IQ), musik, menggambar, kemampuan spasial, mekanis, atletik, hal kepemimpinan, atau moralitas. Anak-anak berbakat mencapai perkembangan penting di area mereka jauh lebih awal daripada anak-anak yang lain, mereka belajar dengan mudah dan cepat daripada anak-anak lain, dan mereka mencapai level yang teman-teman mereka tidak akan pernah mampu mencapainya.</p>
<p>Seberapa jarangnya anak-anak ini? Seorang anak yang hasil tes IQnya 130 atau lebih disebut sebagai berbakat-kira-kira 2-3% dari seluruh anak. Hanya kira-kira satu dari seratus anak mempunyai IQ 140, dan dihitung bahwa hanya satu dari sejuta anak atau barangkali lebih sedikit lagi anak-anak yang IQnya 160 atau lebih, suatu penilaian yang mengindikasikan suatu keberbakatan ekstrim. Namun, penghitungan ini telah ditentang oleh Linda Silverman dari Pusat Pengembangan Keberbakatan di Denver, CO, yang menemukan bahwa penghitungan ini tidak mengatakan kepada kita berapa banyak anak-anak berbakat yang ada, tetapi hanya berapa banyak yang mempunyai kemampuan superior verbal dan matematika. Kita tidak tahu berapa banyak anak-anak yang mempunyai bakat luar biasa untuk musik, seni visual, atau area lainnya.</p>
<p>Ada dua karakteristik yang terlihat berhubungan. Anak-anak berbakat mempunyai keinginan kuat untuk mencapai sesuatu sesuai bakat mereka (“<em>rage to master</em>”). Anak-anak ini tidak didorong orangtua untuk bekerja keras. Mereka mendorong diri mereka sendiri. Kita tidak bisa melarang seorang anak berbakat menjauhi aktivitas yang disukainya.</p>
<p>Anak-anak berbakat juga kreatif. Ada suatu perbedaan tajam di sini antara “K-Besar” dan “k-kecil” kreativitas. K-Besar artinya kreativitas revolusioner. Kita lihat Beethoven, yang secara permanen mengubah domain musik klasik Barat. Penelitian menyatakan bahwa perlu paling sedikit 10 tahun kerja keras sebelum seorang pencipta dapat membuat suatu perubahan. Berdasarkan definisi ini, anak-anak tidak bisa menjadi K-Besar kreatif. Namun, anak-anak berbakat juga kreatif di dalam k-kecil. Mereka berpikir dan menyelesaikan masalah di dalam kepala mereka, sering dengan cara aneh. Sebenarnya, mereka tidak memerlukan dukungan orang dewasa untuk belajar.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-314" title="gambar otak.htm" src="http://catherinemaname.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/gambar-otak-htm1.jpg?w=300&#038;h=256" alt="gambar otak.htm" width="300" height="256" /></p>
<p><strong>Bentuk Otak Anak Berbakat</strong></p>
<p>Ilmuwan telah menyelidiki otak-otak dari individu berbakat dibandingkan dengan otak-otak lain lebih besar (di beberapa area tertentu), mempunyai lebih (atau lebih kompleks) koneksi saraf, menjalar lebih cepat, atau beroperasi lebih efisien.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Otak Pemusik</span></p>
<p>Pemain <em>keyboard </em>mempunyai bagian motorik yang membesar di korteks, dibandingkan dengan bukan pemusik. Pemain alat musik gesek ditemukan mempunyai korteks yang lebih besar dan lebih kompleks perwakilan dari jari-jari tangan kiri daripada orang yang bukan pemusik. Perbedaan ini terlihat lebih kuat pada anak-anak yang mulai bermain lebih awal, sebelum umur 12.</p>
<p>Bagian kiri temporal planum, suatu daerah yang merupakan korteks asosiasi pendengaran, lebih besar daripada yang kanan. Ketidaksimetrisan ini lebih besar pada pemusik dengan “<em>absolute pitch”</em> daripada pemusik lainnya dan bukan pemusik. Kita tidak mengetahui perbedaan ini saat lahir atau berkembang dengan latihan.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Einstein dan Ahli Matematika</span></p>
<p>Otak Einstein tidak berbeda untuk berat atau ukurannya dari otak manusia lain, tetapi Sandra Witelson dari Universitas McMaster di Kanada melaporkan bahwa daerah yang berhubungan dengan kemampuan visual-spasial, pemikiran matematika, dan bayangan motorik (daerah di mana dia unggul) tidak sama. Lobus parietal inferiornya 15% lebih luas dari normal pada kedua sisi. Jadi, girus supramarginalnya (dengan lobus parietal inferior) tidak dibagi oleh sulcus mayor. Kurangnya pembagian ini bisa menyebabkan hubungan akson lebih efisien. Witelson berpendapat bahwa structural otak Einstein ini berkembang lebih awal.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Proses Efisiensi Energi</span></p>
<p>Richard Haier dari Universitas Kalifornia, Irvine, menunjukkan bahwa ketika bermain permainan komputer spasial, orang dengan kecerdasan spasial yang tinggi memetabolisme sedikit glukosa di otak mereka, daripada orang yang kecerdasan spasial lebih rendah. Namun, kita tidak tahu penggunaan glukosa secara efisien mencerminkan suatu kemampuan belajar yang baik atau tidak, dari lahir atau awal masa kanak-kanak, individu-individu ini memetabolisme glukosa lebih efisien.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Maturitas Korteks Lebih Cepat pada Individu Dengan IQ Superior</span></p>
<p>IQ superior pada kaum muda dibedakan dengan seberapa cepatnya bagian otak mereka yang digunakan untuk berpikir menebal dan menipis ketika mereka tumbuh, para peneliti di <em>National Institutes of Mental Health’s (NIMH) </em>telah menemukannya. <em>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans </em>menunjukkan bahwa korteks otak mereka menebal lebih cepat sepanjang masa kanak-kanak, mencapai puncaknya lebih belakangan daripada teman-temannya barangkali mencerminkan suatu perkembangan lebih lama untuk lintasan tingkat berpikir yang tinggi. Namun, lebih cepat juga untuk menipis sepanjang masa remaja akhir, sepertinya karena kelemahan dari koneksi saraf yang tidak digunakan ketika otak mempersingkat penggunaannya. Drs. Philip Shaw, Judith Rapoport, Jay Giedd, dan sejawatnya di NIMH dan Universitas McGill melaporkan penemuan mereka.</p>
<p>Penelitian lain mengatakan bahwa myelinisasi adalah suatu indikator sensitif dari maturasi fungsi otak. Sedikitnya dua dekade pertama perkembangan myelinisasi terdiri dari suatu peningkatan luas dari kepadatan <em>white matter</em>, terproses dari daerah posterior ke anterior. Pemeriksaan <em>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)</em> dan <em>Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) </em>menyatakan bahwa maturitas dari daerah <em>white matter </em>telah ditemukan berkorelasi dengan perkembangan fungsi kognitif seperti kapasitas kerja memori (daerah frontal kiri), kemampuan membaca (lobus kiri temporal), dan bahkan dengan IQ (daerah asosiasi bilateral). Dalam suatu penelitian dari 100 anak dengan bukti keterlambatan perkembangan tetapi hasil <em>MR-scans </em>normal, Pujol dan sejawatnya mampu menunjukkan suatu pengurangan myelinisasi (pada bagian asimetris). Kemudian pada akhir masa hidup, kerusakan <em>white matter </em>karena kehilangan akson yang terjadi pada usia normal telah ditemukan berkorelasi dengan kerja memori. Ini menyatakan bahwa kerja memori bisa secara khusus tergantung pada jaringan kompleks, yang mana kembali tergantung sepanjang koneksi <em>white matter.</em> Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ada suatu hubungan positif antara kepadatan dan pengaturan serat myelin dengan maturitas fungsi kognitif.</p>
<p>Terjadinya pengurangan myelinisasi akibat terjadinya defisiensi suplai laktat yang berakibat terjadinya pengurangan sintesis asam lemak yang diperlukan untuk sintesis myelin. Myelin adalah selubung akson yang dapat mempercepat penyampaian impuls saraf ke sel lain. Jika akson-akson kurang bermyelin, penyampaian impuls akan lebih lambat karena potensial aksi yang terjadi lebih lambat, menyebabkan hubungan di antara bagian-bagian otak. Ini terjadi pada otak penderita ADHD sehingga perkembangan otaknya lebih lambat walaupun mengikuti pola yang normal.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-315" title="sel-saraf" src="http://catherinemaname.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/sel-saraf1.jpg?w=200&#038;h=225" alt="sel-saraf" width="200" height="225" /></p>
<p><strong>Apa yang Harus Kita Lakukan?</strong></p>
<p>Seringkali kita salah menilai bahwa anak-anak ini mengalami retardasi, ADHD, atau autis. Belum lagi kita melihat mereka seperti “anak nakal” menjadi begitu bosan di sekolah sehingga menjadi pengganggu dan tidak mau mengerjakan apa-apa. Mereka seringkali terlihat kurang dalam akademis, memiliki masalah emosi, dan sulit bersosialisasi membuat mereka sulit teridentifikasi. Kita perlu membangun hubungan dekat dengan mereka sehingga kita dapat mengenal mereka yang memiliki kemampuan konseptual yang baik, kemampuan abstrak yang baik, dan kreativitas. Sebisa mungkin kita memberikan pendidikan yang sesuai dengan potensi-potensinya sehingga mereka dapat memaksimalkan potensi yang ada dengan baik.</p>
<p align="right"><em>Written by </em>Catherine Maname Uli</p>
<p align="right">
<p>Daftar Pustaka    :</p>
<ol>
<li><em>Catching Up with Gifted Child</em>. Available from the URL: <a href="http://www.dana.org/news/cerebrum/detail.aspx?id=3042">http://www.dana.org/news/cerebrum/detail.aspx?id=3042</a></li>
<li><em>Cortex      Matures Faster in Youth With Highest IQ</em>. Available      from the URL: <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/03/060330083935.htm">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/03/060330083935.htm</a></li>
<li><em>Response Variability in      Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Neuronal and Glial Energetics      Hypothesis</em>. Available from the URL: <a href="http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/2/1/30">http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/2/1/30</a></li>
</ol>
Posted in Medical Sciences, Psychology Tagged: Medical Sciences, Psikologi, Psychology, Sisi Ilmu Kedokteran, The Indonesia Version <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/316/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/316/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/316/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/316/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/316/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/316/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/316/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/316/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/316/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/316/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=catherinemaname.wordpress.com&blog=4515786&post=316&subd=catherinemaname&ref=&feed=1" />]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>The Gifts for The Gifted Children</title>
		<link>http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/2009/09/22/the-gifts-for-the-gifted-children/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Sep 2009 16:15:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>virusimoet</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Medical Sciences]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psikologi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sisi Ilmu Kedokteran]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The English Version]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[It's easy to see how students' gifted abilities might be missed. They are so bored in school that they become disruptive, do no work, and are diagnosed as retarded, ADHD, or autism. It's also worthwhile noting how often secondary social, emotional, or behavioral problems erupt making the sources of school underachievement difficult to identify.
We must develop a close relationship to know them closely who have advanced conceptual ability, abstract reasoning, self-initiated creative activities in the presence of otherwise lackluster academic performances. 
So, for the last we must help them by giving the advanced classes in their area of high ability.
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=catherinemaname.wordpress.com&blog=4515786&post=308&subd=catherinemaname&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><p>Young children, particularly preschoolers, usually strike us as bright, full of wonder, eager to learn, and artistically inclined. They delight us by asking questions like little philosophers or by making playful, aesthetically pleasing paintings that sometimes resemble the work of 20th-century masters. Assuming a normal brain and home environment, these gifts are nature’s largesse to most children. Occasionally, however, we observe a child whose abilities so far outstrip those of the typical toddler that we realize not all preschoolers are genuinely gifted. The more extreme the gift, the rarer the child.</p>
<p>Sadly, we know far less about such exceptional children than we do about those with exceptional deﬁcits: retarded, emotionally disturbed, and learning-disabled children. Psychologists have attended far more to these deﬁcits than to strengths. An interesting recent movement in American academic psychology, spearheaded by Martin Seligman at the University of Pennsylvania, calls for more emphasis on “positive psychology.” Positive psychology is now studying subjective well-being, positive character traits such as honesty and hope, and the nature of giftedness and how to nurture it.</p>
<p><span id="more-308"></span></p>
<h3>What is The Meaning of “GIFTED”?</h3>
<p>Most use it interchangeably with “high IQ.” However it more broadly to refer to precocious levels of ability in any domain: abilities that are verbal or mathematical (those measured by IQ tests), musical, graphic (drawing), spatial, mechanical, athletic, or that relate to leadership or morality, and so forth. Gifted children reach developmental milestones in their area far earlier than do typical children, they learn more easily and rapidly than do typical children, and they reach levels that their peers never will.</p>
<p>How rare are these children? A child who scores 130 or above on an IQ test is typically considered gifted—about 2 to 3 percent of all children. Only about one in a hundred children have an IQ of 140, and it is estimated that only one in a million, or perhaps fewer, children score 160 or higher, a score indicating an extreme gift. But this low estimate has been disputed by Linda Silverman of the Gifted Development Center in Denver, CO, who ﬁnds that the tiny percentages grow larger when the proper IQ tests are administered, tests without artiﬁcial ceilings that fail to differentiate among children in the upper one percent. These estimates do not tell us how many gifted children there are, however, only how many have superior verbal and mathematical abilities. We do not know how many children have exceptional gifts in music, the visual arts, or any other area. All we can say with certainty is that gifted children in any domain are rare, and the more extreme the ability, the rarer the gift.</p>
<p>Precocity seems to be associated with two other characteristics. Gifted children have intense drive (call a “rage to master”) in their area of gift. These are not children whose parents push them to work hard. They push themselves; their often-astonished parents run to keep up. You cannot get a typical child to spend hours reading musical scores or playing math games; you cannot tear a gifted child away from these favored activities.</p>
<p>Gifted children are also creative. Here there is a sharp distinguish between “Big-C” and “little-c” creativity. Big-C creativity refers to revolutionary creativity of the sort that changes domains. We see this in Beethoven, who permanently transformed the domain of Western classical music. Studies suggest that it takes at least 10 years of hard work before a creator can make a domain-changing discovery. By deﬁnition, then, children cannot be Big-C creative. But gifted children are creative in the little-c sense: They think and solve problems in their heads often in idiosyncratic ways. They need virtually no adult support to learn.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-309" title="gambar otak.htm" src="http://catherinemaname.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/gambar-otak-htm.jpg?w=300&#038;h=256" alt="gambar otak.htm" width="300" height="256" /></p>
<h3>The Brain Basis Of Gifts</h3>
<p>Scientists have explored whether the brains of gifted individuals compared with typical brains are larger (either overall or in certain areas), have more (or more complex) neural connections, ﬁre more rapidly, or operate more efﬁciently.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Musicians’ Brains</span></p>
<p>Keyboard players were found to have enlarged areas in the cortex for motor control, compared with nonmusicians.6 Similarly, string instrument players were found to have larger and more complex cortical representation of the ﬁngers of the left hand than nonmusicians. This difference was strongest for those who began to play early, before age 12.</p>
<p>In typical brains, the left side of the planum temporale, an area containing auditory association cortex, is larger than the right. This asymmetry is greater in musicians with absolute pitch than in musicians without it and in nonmusicians. Again, we do not know whether this difference is present at birth or develops with training.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Einstein and Other Mathematicians</span></p>
<p>Einstein’s brain was no different in weight or size from other men’s brains, but Sandra Witelson of McMaster University in Canada recently reported that the region related to visual-spatial cognition, mathematical thought, and motor imagery (areas where he excelled) was atypical. His inferior parietal lobes were 15 percent wider than normal on both sides. In addition, his supramarginal gyrus (within the inferior parietal lobe) was not divided by a major sulcus (as in typical brains). The lack of division may have allowed for more efﬁcient axonal connectivity, which may be a neuronal correlate of high ability. Witelson argues that these structural aspects of Einstein’s brain developed early.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Efficient Energy Processing</span></p>
<p>Richard Haier of the University of California, Irvine, showed that when playing a spatial computer game, people with high spatial intelligence metabolize less glucose overall in their brains, but more in focal areas, than do those with lower spatial intelligence, suggesting that the brains of those with gifts process information more efﬁciently. But we cannot know whether efﬁcient use of glucose reﬂects a learned ability to perform well or whether, from birth or early childhood, these individuals metabolized glucose more efﬁciently.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Cortex Matures Faster In Individuals With Superior IQ</span></p>
<p>Youth with superior IQ are distinguished by how fast the thinking part of their brains thickens and thins as they grow up, researchers at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) have discovered. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans showed that their brain&#8217;s outer mantle, or cortex, thickens more rapidly during childhood, reaching its peak later than in their peers perhaps reflecting a longer developmental window for high-level thinking circuitry. It also thins faster during the late teens, likely due to the withering of unused neural connections as the brain streamlines its operations. Drs. Philip Shaw, Judith Rapoport, Jay Giedd and colleagues at NIMH and McGill University report on their finding.</p>
<p>The other study said that myelination is a sensitive indicator of functional brain maturation. Across at least the first two decades of development myelination consists of a broad increase in overall white matter density as well as a more region-specific progression, proceeding from posterior to more anterior regions. In magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies, maturation of relatively restricted regions of white matter has been found to correlate with the development of cognitive functions such as working memory capacity (left frontal regions), reading ability (left temporal lobe) and even with IQ (bilateral association areas. In a study of 100 children with evidence of delayed development but otherwise normal MR-scans, Pujol and colleagues were able to show a reduction of myelination (in part asymmetric). Also, at the other end of the lifespan, white matter damage due to axonal loss that occurs in normal ageing has been found to correlate with working memory performance, even after controlling for age. This suggests that working memory performance may be particularly dependent on complex networks, which in turn depend upon white matter connections. These studies conclude that there is a positive relationship between the density and organization of myelinated fibres and the efficiency (maturity) of cognitive function.</p>
<p>A deficient supply of lactate for oligodendrocytes in the developing nervous system slows and reduces the synthesis of fatty acids required for the synthesis of myelin. As we know, the myelin is a sheath of axon that can help to propagate the nerve impulses more rapidly. Poorly myelinated axons would transmit action potentials more slowly, accounting for inefficient integration (coherence) between brain regions. It occurs in youth with ADHD that the brain matures a few years late, but follows normal pattern.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-310" title="sel-saraf" src="http://catherinemaname.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/sel-saraf.jpg?w=200&#038;h=225" alt="sel-saraf" width="200" height="225" /></p>
<p><strong>What Have We to Do?</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong>It&#8217;s easy to see how students&#8217; gifted abilities might be missed. They are so bored in school that they become disruptive, do no work, and are diagnosed as retarded, ADHD, or autism. It&#8217;s also worthwhile noting how often secondary social, emotional, or behavioral problems erupt making the sources of school underachievement difficult to identify.<br />
We must develop a close relationship to know them closely who have advanced conceptual ability, abstract reasoning, self-initiated creative activities in the presence of otherwise lackluster academic performances.</p>
<p>So, for the last we must help them by giving the advanced classes in their area of high ability.</p>
<p align="right">Written by<em> </em>Catherine Maname Uli</p>
<p align="right">
<p>The References   :</p>
<ol>
<li>Catching Up with Gifted Child. Available from      the URL: <a href="http://www.dana.org/news/cerebrum/detail.aspx?id=3042">http://www.dana.org/news/cerebrum/detail.aspx?id=3042</a></li>
<li>Cortex      Matures Faster in Youth With Highest IQ. Available      from the URL: <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/03/060330083935.htm">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/03/060330083935.htm</a></li>
<li>Response      Variability in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Neuronal and      Glial Energetics Hypothesis. Available from the URL: <a href="http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/2/1/30">http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/2/1/30</a></li>
</ol>
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		<title>Do You Know About Mangongkal Holi?</title>
		<link>http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/2009/07/21/do-you-know-about-mangongkal-holi/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2009 07:48:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>virusimoet</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Anthropology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[My Life Stories]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Antropologi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Article]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The English Version]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Yet, I’m still confused about it – but I don’t care very much because in my opinion the tradition is something amazing, and contains some valuable morals. As the young generation, we must preserve our cultures, right?<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=catherinemaname.wordpress.com&blog=4515786&post=298&subd=catherinemaname&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><p><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-302" title="mangongkal" src="http://catherinemaname.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/mangongkal.jpg?w=300&#038;h=206" alt="mangongkal" width="300" height="206" />During the recent holiday, for several days I, my sister, and my mother went on a journey to my mother’s ancestral village in Tarutung, North Sumatra, Indonesia. We had been planning to see our ancestors’ burial ground as my mother’s clan had preformed a “<em>Mangongkal Holi</em>”.</p>
<p><span id="more-298"></span></p>
<p><strong>What is “<em>Mangongkal Holi</em>”?</strong><br />
Ok, before I continue to <em>Mangongkal Holi</em>, let me tell about my familial heritage! I’m Bataknese, and a member of my father’s Nainggolan clan.  However, my matrilineal lineage is tied to the Lumban Tobing extended family. In the <em>Batak</em> tradition, there is a reburial ritual that called for the exhumation of the bones of the dead.  This rite is called <em>mangongkal holi</em>. The word <em>mangongkal</em> means &#8220;dig&#8221;; while <em>holi</em> means &#8220;the bones of the dead”.<br />
A few days ago, my mother’s clan had preformed this rite, but there are some parts that had been lost because we felt that it didn’t comport with our Christian faith.  This tradition was upheld because my maternal grandmother &#8211; my <em>opung boru</em> &#8211; had advised my mother’s older sister (I call <em>inangtua</em>) to do this before she died. In addition, all of my mother’s brothers are in Indonesia now (some of them live in United States). There are many purposes for this traditional rite grounded in our earlier Batakneses’ beliefs, such as respecting and venerating the souls of our ancestors’ soul, but for us they are not our goals. Our desire is only to unite the bones of my <em>opung</em> and my mother’s <em>opung</em> (my <em>tulang</em>) in one place, the ancestors’ village and to properly seal that familial bond. This tradition is very similar to that of Central Sulawesi, called <em>Mogave</em>. This is not a coincidence: historically, the Toraja and Bataknese originated from the same people, the <em>Proto Melayu</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-305" title="PIC375" src="http://catherinemaname.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/pic375.jpg?w=225&#038;h=300" alt="PIC375" width="225" height="300" />My maternal greatfather</p>
<p><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-304" title="DSCI0590" src="http://catherinemaname.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/dsci0590.jpg?w=300&#038;h=225" alt="DSCI0590" width="300" height="225" /></p>
<p><strong>Details of The <em>Mangongkal Holi</em> Tradition</strong><br />
Before the exhumation is begun, the opung’s <em>Hula-hula</em> (brothers in law from the wife’s opung) provides the demban (betel) by saying: “I hope the exhumation can go well and the bones can be found swiftly.” They say that because the bones often can’t be found. In such a case, the host group takes a lump of earth from the bottom of the burial ground and ask the attendants whether they may regard this earth as the bones of the ancestors or not. If the attendants consent to the proposal, the earth is laid in the reburial tomb as the substitute for the bones of the ancestors.<br />
After that, the <em>hula-hula</em> (brothers in law from the wife) make the first dig, followed by the other siblings. This is a symbolic dig: other men do the real digging after the siblings have done their ritual. During the exhumation, the family will throw money in the pit. This shows that they are present: they also pray to insure the bones can be found quickly.<br />
When the bones are found, the family will <em>mangandung</em> (mourn) as if their relative had died just that day. Afterwards, the bones will be brought home by the daughters, cleaned by water, and bathed with turmeric and limewater.  After that, the bones are dried for a moment before placed in a case.<br />
After the exhumation, all of the family members, <em>hula-hula</em>, and the village elder are asked to go into home to share in a feast. After the bones are almost completely dry, they will be saved into the little case, placed in the center of home, and the descendants will pray to the ancestors’ spirit.<br />
The next day, a major celebration will be held. <em>Parhobas</em> (the worker) has started to work since the early morning. <em>Parhobas</em> actually are the local citizens and <em>boru</em> (i.e. the daughters that exhumed the bones, and the party organizer). The peoples that organize the party are called <em>bona suhut</em>.<br />
There are two parts of the party, first is <em>galang raja</em> by the <em>horbo baratan</em> (buffalo butchery). It’s for thanking the village elder for permission to hold the ceremony of <em>Mangongkal Holi</em>. Second, buffalo for <em>jambar</em> (a gift) from the hula-hula family is presented and eaten. Then, the guests will come one by one. The <em>hula-hula</em> will actually bring the rice and gold fish. If the guest is from the <em>hula-hula</em>, they usually don’t sit under the tent directly, but they will gather until their group is complete, and then enter the tent. After that, the <em>gondang</em> (drum) will be sounded as the response called <em>manomu-nomu</em> (asking) by the <em>boru</em> from the <em>bona suhut</em>.<br />
<em>Hula-hula</em> is everyone that respected in the <em>Batak</em> relative. So, they are believed can give <em>pasu-pasu</em> (blessing). When they <em>manortor</em> (the <em>Batak</em> dancing), their hands position are blessing giving position, open to downright whereas <em>boru</em> is the worker. So, if they meet <em>hula-hula</em>, they will be deepest respect, their hands position will be in front of forehead.<em><br />
Hula hula</em> will go up to the grave and say a few words whereas <em>bona suhut</em> and <em>boru</em> are under. At this moment, <em>hula hula</em> usually will ask thanks symbol from <em>bona suhut</em> family and after that will give blessing by <em>pantun</em> (kind of traditional poetry). Then, all of them are back to home, continue the feast, and give <em>jambar</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>The <em>Batak</em> Traditional Belief Behind The <em>Mangongkal Holi</em></strong><br />
In <em>Batak</em> traditional belief, the respective status of a soul is not static. Status and respective can be increased. The glory increasing will be gotten by that soul if it has the status “<em>sumangot</em>” (analogous to the ancestors’ soul). <em>Sumangot</em> status will be had if every descendant had made a permanent grave that was crave from the stone or made from cement then decorated by the ceramics. On that new place then <em>saring-saring</em> (skull) was saved.<br />
A long time ago, for kings worthy of great respect (<em>na sangap</em>), the ceremony to enter their bones into a grave carved from stone was called “<em>horja turun</em>”. This ceremony was celebrated by a huge party. The human corpse was deposited into an opening case and in the tropical environment swiftly decomposed to bones. After that it was moved into the permanent grave. The bones ascending from the ground to the place that was available in that stone grave is a symbol of the parents’ soul. The luxurious of a grave was a glorious symbol, said to be accepted by the parents’ soul in the world of the dead. For their descendants, that luxurious grave is a sign of social prestige among the <em>Batak</em>. So, every family would compete to make a luxurious grave. This competition was sparked, perhaps, by <em>hatealon</em> (pride) among the Bataknese. Those luxurious graves are not only for the ancestors’ bones resting place, but were also a symbol of <em>sumangot</em> in the descendants’ life. That grave is a sign of the relationship between the parents’ soul and their descendants. The grave is seen as a spiritual center of the dead people’s soul, which can give blessings. The highest status that can be gotten by a soul is “<em>sombaon</em>” (deepest respect) status. This status give the dead people state is one level under <em>Debata</em> (goddess). In this state that soul would receive veneration from their descendants. In <em>tonggo-tonggo </em>(prayer) it will be called after <em>Debata</em> and asked for blessings. This status increases only if their family grew into a new clan or a major branch of a clan. A family which has grown in wealth and status can provide bigger ceremonies, and hold them for a longer time.  This ceremony is called “<em>santi rea</em>”. This ceremony had been forbidden by old Dutch colonialists governor but this fact doesn’t mean that it has been forgotten. That belief still lives in the Bataknese’s heart, and took a new form: memorial building.<br />
This developing is done by collecting <em>tumpak</em> (money) from all the relatives by “<em>punguan marga</em>” in some cities.<br />
In the chosen memorial monument, they prepare a place for the ancestors’ <em>saring-saring</em>. Before the bones are moved, they usually use a headman (witchdoctor) to insure that there are no misunderstandings that could invoke a <em>sumangot</em>’s anger.<br />
The luxurious of a memorial fesat is a sign of many blessing that has been accepted by the descendants. All of that blessing show the power of the ancestors’ soul. So, for that soul is given a glory place as a <em>pinomparna</em> (saying thank you from their descendants).</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>The Comparation of My Family Tradition With The Traditional Tradition<br />
</strong> We have leant about <em>mangongkal holi</em>. As Christians, my family members didn’t do all of the ceremonial rites. They just digged the ground, found the <em>saring-saring</em>, and prayed. There are differences some parts of the ceremony that my family members did, such as: a digger must the daughters (although can be helped by other people). After the <em>saring-saring</em> was cleaned and saved into many mini-cases, they were given to the sons. Then, the sons gave to <em>hula-hula</em> (of my maternal grandparents’ and greatparents). As the information my family members do this ceremony for my <em>opung</em> and my mother’s <em>opung</em>.<br />
Furthermore, for the next day the mini-cases were brought to ancestors’ village, then placed directly into their graves. Then, they prayed again and said a few words.<br />
Actually, I’m not sure if it is right to pray to God during the <em>mangongkal holi</em>. According to my mother, it’s permitted because inside that devotion we only pray for the ceremony can be done well and for the descendants that still live, not for the dead peoples’ soul.<br />
Yet, I’m still confused about it – but I don’t care very much because in my opinion the tradition is something amazing, and contains some valuable morals.  As the young generation, we must preserve our cultures, right?</p>
<p style="text-align:right;">Written by: Catherine Maname Uli<br />
Edted by: Mr.Alvin Plummer, EF Pluit Teacher</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">References :<br />
1.	Exhumation of The Bones. Available from the URL: http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:1HNIVOKsKtoJ:repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/56613/1/KJ00000131963.pdf+mangongkal+holi+tapanuli+utara&amp;cd=30&amp;hl=id&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=id&amp;client=firefox-a<br />
2.	<em>[Sharing] Mangongkal Holi, Tradisi yang sudah mulai memudar.</em> Available from the URL: http://www.fotografer.net/isi/forum/topik.php?id=3193858128&amp;p=2<br />
3.	<em>Bersama Toba Blog</em>. Available from the URL: http://bersamatoba.com/blog/page/60</p>
Posted in Anthropology, My Life Stories Tagged: Anthropology, Antropologi, Article, My Life Stories, The English Version <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/298/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/298/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/298/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/298/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/298/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/298/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/298/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/298/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/298/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/catherinemaname.wordpress.com/298/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=catherinemaname.wordpress.com&blog=4515786&post=298&subd=catherinemaname&ref=&feed=1" />]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>Fenomena Penyakit Kuru</title>
		<link>http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/2009/05/16/fenomena-penyakit-kuru/</link>
		<comments>http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/2009/05/16/fenomena-penyakit-kuru/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 16 May 2009 14:36:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>virusimoet</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Anthropology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Medical Sciences]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Social Problems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Masalah-Masalah Sosial]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Apakah Anda pernah mendengar penyakit kuru? Mungkin hanya sedikit dari Anda yang mengetahui istilah kuru ini. Namun untuk istilah kanibalisme sebagian besar dari Anda pasti setidaknya pernah mendengar. Kanibalisme merupakan sebuah fenomena di mana satu makhluk hidup makan makhluk sejenis lainnya, misalkan anjing yang makan anjing atau manusia yang makan manusia. Kadang-kadang fenomena ini disebut [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=catherinemaname.wordpress.com&blog=4515786&post=286&subd=catherinemaname&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><p><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-289" title="kuru" src="http://catherinemaname.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/kuru1.gif?w=300&#038;h=215" alt="kuru" width="300" height="215" />Apakah Anda pernah mendengar penyakit kuru? Mungkin hanya sedikit dari Anda yang mengetahui istilah kuru ini. Namun untuk istilah kanibalisme sebagian besar dari Anda pasti setidaknya pernah mendengar. Kanibalisme merupakan sebuah fenomena di mana satu makhluk hidup makan makhluk sejenis lainnya, misalkan anjing yang makan anjing atau manusia yang makan manusia. Kadang-kadang fenomena ini disebut <em>anthropophagus</em> (Bahasa Yunani <em>anthrôpos</em>: manusia dan <em>phagein:</em> makan). Seperti <a href="http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/2009/04/16/petualanganku-di-corpus-manusa-part-ii/">cerita pendek</a> yang telah saya tulis sebelumnya mengenai prion, penyakit <em>kuru</em> ini memang berkaitan erat dengan prion. Jika Anda penasaran dengan penyakit <em>kuru</em> ini, silahkan bergabung dengan saya dalam penelusuran fenomena penyakit <em>kuru</em> ini sekarang!</p>
<p><span id="more-286"></span></p>
<p><strong>Mengenal Kuru</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>Kuru</em></strong> adalah suatu penyakit fatal yang dihasilkan dari suatu budaya, yang menyerang otak dan sistem saraf yang ditemukan di Fore Selatan penduduk Pegunungan Papua Nugini bagian timur. Bukti sekarang menunjukkan prion sebagai penyebabnya. Gejala-gejalanya termasuk kelumpuhan, kontraksinya otot wajah, dan kehilangan pengendalian motorik yang menghasilkan ketidakmampuan untuk berjalan dan makan. Korban <em>kuru</em> menjadi kurus secara progresif. Penduduk Fore Selatan menyebut penyakit ini &#8220;penyakit gemetaran (<em>trembling sickness</em>)&#8221; dan &#8220;penyakit tertawa (<em>laughing sickness</em>).&#8221; Gambaran penyakit tertawa karena buktinya bahwa otot-otot wajah dari korban tertarik sehingga terlihat seperti suatu senyuman. Kematian hampir selalu terjadi 6-12 bulan sebagai onset gejala.</p>
<p><em>Kuru</em> pertama kali didokumentasikan di antara penduduk Fore Selatan pada awal abad ke-20 dan secara progresif menjadi semakin lazim pada 1950an. Puncaknya, paling banyak menimpa wanita-wanita berumur 20an dan 30an. Ini menyebabkan masalah-masalah sosial. Normalnya, pria mempunyai beberapa istri dan anak-anak dirawat oleh wanita. Namun karena penyakit ini, terlalu sedikit wanita-wanita yang bisa menikah dan pria-pria ditinggalkan dengan kewajiban merawat anak. Para pria benci dan bingung dengan situasi ini. Akhirnya penduduk Fore Selatan mempunyai suatu penjelasan sendiri untuk penyakit ini, mereka secara logis mengasumsikan bahwa <em>Kuru</em> adalah pekerjaan penyihir yang menggunakan <a href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/medical/glossary.htm#contagious_magic">sihir</a> menular. Jadi, penduduk menjadi sangat hati-hati membersihkan bagian-bagian rumahnya untuk meyakinkan bahwa penyihir tidak bisa mendapatkan rambut, potongan kuku jari, feses, atau kepunyaan pribadi. Di belakang rumah, wanita yang sakit kadang-kadang menyatakan identitas penyerang mereka yang dikatakan datang ke mimpi. Selain itu, kaum pria juga membuat suatu tes untuk menentukan identitas si penyihir, yang sering menyebabkan tekanan baru ketika tes itu menyatakan penyihir itu mungkin tetangga dekat atau saudara. Perburuan penyihir diatur dan penyihir tadi dipaksa mengakui dan kemudian diwajibkan mengikuti pemujaan anti sihir. Kepala suku mengusulkan agar mereka melaporkan kepada kiap (kepala pemerintahan kolonial) bahwa ada orang yang sedang membunuh kaum wanita mereka. Kemudian mereka menyarankan agar semua orang diajak ke suatu tempat terpencil dan meninggalkan wanita-wanita itu beserta anak-anak. Setelah beberapa waktu mereka berada di tempat terpencil tersebut, mereka akan kembali melihat apakah <em>kuru</em> telah hilang atau tidak. Tidak ada satupun dari langkah-langkah ini memperlambat peningkatan jumlah korban <em>Kuru</em>. Mereka melihat ada suatu masalah di sini. Biasanya jika orang-orang marah hanya akan membunuh satu orang, menghancurkan anjingnya, atau memotong pohon-pohon pisangnya. Cukup satu hal yang dilakukan, tetapi <em>kuru </em>menyerang secara berlebihan.</p>
<p>Awal 1950an, sebuah tim dokter Australia mulai bekerja untuk menemukan apa yang menyebabkan <em>kuru</em> dengan harapan menemukan cara penyembuhan. Antropologis mencari jejak kasus-kasus penyakit di dalam garis keluarga untuk melihat jika itu adalah penyakit keturunan. Pekerja-pekerja bidang lain mengumpulkan air, tanah, tumbuhan, dan spesimen binatang untuk mengetes racun dari lingkungan. Semua usaha ini gagal. Akhir 1950an, seorang dokter anak Amerika benama Carleton Gajdusek datang ke Papua Nugini untuk mencoba menyelesaikan masalah. Melalui pemeriksaan mikroskopis jaringan dari orang yang meninggal karena <em>kuru</em>, dia menemukan bahwa penyakit dibawa di darah dan dikonsentrasikan di jaringan otak. Transmisinya melalui kanibalisme. Penduduk Fore Selatan makan kerabat mereka yang telah meninggal. Wanita memotong jenazah dan sebagai kanibal utama. Mereka juga memberikan daging ini kepada anak-anak mereka. Pria-pria secara umum berpikir bahwa itu bukan kebiasaan tindakan seorang pria sehingga biasanya mereka makan babi.</p>
<p>Awal tahun 1960an, kanibalisme merupakan pelanggaran hukum di Papua Nugini. Sejak itu, jumlah <em>kuru</em> telah turun secara signifikan tetapi belum begitu terlihat karena merupakan penyakit yang memerlukan masa inkubasi sangat panjang. Antara 1996 dan 2004, 11 orang didiagnosis <em>kuru</em>.  Tampak di sini, mereka dilahirkan sebelum 1950 dan telah mengidap <em>kuru</em> sebelum akhir kanibalisme. Ini berarti masa inkubasinya 34-41 tahun.</p>
<p><strong>Kebudayaan Dibalik Penyakit <em>Kuru</em></strong></p>
<p>Sesungguhnya banyak dari korban <em>kuru</em> tidak mempunyai hubungan biologis secara dekat, tetapi merupakan kerabat non-biologis.</p>
<p>Fore merupakan nama kelompok regional besar kepunyaan mereka (<em>Ibusa, Atigina, Pamusa</em>), daerah pemerintahan ini merupakan suatu kesatuan dengan sedikit perbedaan dialek dan adat-istiadat. Unit yang lebih kecil disebut jemaat (<em>parishes</em>), terdiri dari satu atau beberapa batas dusun-dusun kecil, anggota-anggotanya mempunyai kepentingan hukum di dalam suatu daerah tertentu dan bersama-sama mendiami suatu ‘tempat kudus (<em>spirit place</em>)’ atau hutan keramat (<em>sacred grove</em>). Idealnya, kesatuan ini bekerja sama untuk pertahanan dan menyelesaikan perselisihan internal secara damai. Subdivisi jemaat terkecil adalah <em>lounei</em>, kaum, suatu kelompok orang yang berpikir bahwa diri mereka sebagai keturunan dari suatu patrilineal nenek moyang, yang biasanya tinggal bersama dan menikah, dengan pilihan untuk pria menikah dengan anak perempuan dari saudara laki-laki ibunya. Mereka  juga ikut serta memasang harga pengantin (<em>bride price</em>) dan memberi kerabat mereka yang telah meninggal untuk dikonsumsi oleh ‘kaum (<em>line</em>)’ dari saudara laki-laki ibu mereka, memperkuat hukum adat mengenai pertukaran dari barang-barang bernilai lainnya (babi, kulit, dan hakekat jasmaniah) antara kerabat yang dihubungkan dengan kekerabatan dan pernikahan.</p>
<p>Kesatuan dan keharmonisan yang ada begitu lemah. Kaum imigran membentuk kantung-kantung dan menikmati keadilan sepanjang mereka berlanjut mengunjungi dan memelihara ketertarikan dengan kelompok asli ini. Penerimaan kelompok imigran menyelesaikan masalah kolonialisasi, khususnya dengan penduduk Fore pada waktu itu, yaitu dengan pernikahan singkat daengan wanita. Beban pendatang baru untuk bergabung ke dalam kelompok ini tergantung pada rasa kesetiaan dan memiliki ‘satu darah (<em>one blood</em>)’ , rasa persatuan bagi yang bermukim dan bertindak secara bersama-sama, dan juga rasa berbagi hakekat jasmaniah bagi orang yang makan makanan yang tumbuh pada tanah mereka. Sesuai dengan berjalannya waktu, individu yang menunjukkan komitmen untuk beradaptasi dengan kelompok ini akan memiliki status kekerabatan, yaitu: ‘saudara laki-laki (<em>brother</em>)’ atau ‘saudara perempuan (<em>sister</em>)’. Hubungan ini diartikan dengan suatu status kekerabatan dan ditetapkannya suatu aturan moral untuk kehidupan, tetapi tetap tidak ada hubungan genetik.</p>
<p>Silsilah keluarga Fore begitu pendek, tidak lebih dari lima generasi. Penduduk Fore lebih mengandalkan perluasan hubungan lateral. Mereka menyetujui adopsi, penemuan orangtua pengganti di dalam kaum bapak untuk anak-anak yatim piatu karena kematian ibu mereka yang disebabkan <em>kuru</em> dan pada waktu sebelumnya kehilangan bapak mereka karena menjadi korban perang. Pasangan yang baru menikah ‘dipinjamkan’ anak-anak oleh kerabat dekat. Selain itu adopsi juga diperbolehkan di antara orang yang memiliki hubungan dekat. Hadiah kesuburan atau persalinan (<em>gift of fertility or labour</em>) ditukar dengan kekayaan di dalam dua pesta.</p>
<p>Suatu hubungan kekerabatan lebih erat terjadi dengan pembuatan kekerabatan <em>kagisa</em> (berasal dari kata <em>kagine</em>, waktu tengah hari). Individu yang tidak diketahui hubungan kekerabatannya menukar makanan dan kekayaan di dalam suatu acara makan formal sepanjang <em>kagine</em>, ketika matahari berada di atas kepala langsung. Persetujuan dengan matahari, sebuah kosmik, dan disahkan dengan konsumsi makanan yang tumbuh di sekitar rumah, ikatan ini juga membangun dasar kekerabatan. Kekerabatan <em>k</em><em>agisa</em> penting untuk menciptakan kakak laki-laki dari ibu dengan suatu pilihan untuk para pria menikahi anak perempuan dari kakak laki-laki ibu, untuk menciptakan saudara perempuan yang dapat memberikan saudara laki-lakinya sumber makanan dan kasih sayang, dan suatu bagian dari hadiah pernikahan ketika saudara perempuan <em>kagisa</em> menikah. Jadi, kekerabatan Fore adalah berdasarkan dokumen sosial yang memberikan legitimasi untuk pernyataan dan kewajiban kekerabatan.</p>
<p>Satu lagi hubungan tambahan, yaitu <em>wagoli</em> (‘dasar (<em>base</em>)’ atau ‘akar (<em>root</em>)’ pria), persekutuan perang dan rekan dagang yang daerahnya pada waktu lampau dianggap sebagai tempat perlindungan. <em>Wagoli</em> menerima suatu bagian dari pembayaran kematian rekan mereka. Beberapa dari mereka memberikan yang lain dengan senang hati, saudara-saudara perempuan dari tuan rumah (<em>host</em>) <em>wagoli</em> menjadi saudara perempuan <em>kagisa</em> dari tamu (<em>the visitor</em>) dan menjadi anak-anaknya tuan rumah (<em>host</em>), ‘anak-anak laki-laki’ dan ‘anak-anak perempuan’. Beberapa hubungan <em>wagoli</em> diwariskan dari orangtua mereka, beberapa lagi dibentuk oleh mereka sendiri.</p>
<p>Silsilah menyatakan bahwa penduduk Fore telah ‘membuat tak kelihatan (<em>invisible</em>)’ asal dari beberapa pria dewasa yang dikatakan dari suatu populasi yang tinggal  di Purosa Selatan dan yang berbahasa Pawaian, suatu bahasa yang tidak ada hubungannya dengan Bahasa Nugini Timur. Setelah masa-masa hubungan harmonis yang terlihat di antara penduduk Fore dan orang-orang Pawaian, terjadilah hubungan tidak menyenangkan. Penduduk Fore membakar rumah-rumah orang Pawaian dan menembak orang-orang yang berusaha lari. Orang-orang yang bertahan, sekarang telah dewasa, ‘menjadi penduduk Fore’. Definisi hubungan menurut penduduk Fore termasuk orang yang mengatakan memiliki ‘satu darah’, banyak yang telah mendapatkan status kekerabatan dekat dengan pengertian sosial.</p>
<p>Kekerabatan Fore dapat digambarkan sebagai bentuk dengan jaring-jaring pendekatan berdasarkan perluasan lateral daripada kedalaman vertikal, yang tidak berdasarkan penjelasan biologis. Ini adalah sebuah bentuk organisasi sosial sesuai dengan sebuah bentuk dasar pertanian yang lahannya sering direlokasi, populasi secara relatif bergerak (<em>mobile</em>), dan pecahan kelompok-kelompok yang kemudian bergabung di dalam jajaran baru.</p>
<p>Banyak yang telah berubah di Fore Selatan sejak awal 1960an. Penduduk Fore tidak begitu lama mengkonsumsi kerabatnya yang telah meninggal dan <em>kuru</em> jadi tidak begitu lama ditransmisikan. Dengan pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat yang telah mengurangi kematian anak, populasi telah meningkat dengan cepat.  Wanita-wanita berumur pendek tidak begitu lama kejadiannya, orang-orang telah meninggalkan penggembalaan babi, menggaji buruh, dan pasar telah menyediakan akses jaringan-jaringan perdagangan. Dengan tekanan dari peperangan (juga ciptaan dari para pengungsi), seperti produksi kopi sebagai suatu pembayaran tunai hasil panen (mengikat orang dengan penanaman mereka), populasi Fore sekarang kurang bergerak (<em>mobile</em>). Suatu sistem  kekerabatan sesuai dengan kondisi sosial yang ada 50 tahun yang lalu bisa tidak begitu relevan. Itu mungkin bahwa beberapa gambaran bahwa beberapa karakter kekerabatan Fore, seperti kesiapan kerjasama kaum imigran, praktik adopsi dan penciptaan kekerabatan <em>kagisa</em> secara luas, bisa tidak sesuai lagi dengan kebutuhan sekarang. ‘<em>Wantoks</em>’ (teman-teman) terlihat menjadi suatu tambahan untuk <em>wagoli.</em></p>
<p><strong>Kesimpulan</strong></p>
<p><em>Kuru </em>adalah salah satu contoh penyakit yang berhubungan dengan kebudayaan. Banyak contoh-contoh kebudayaan lain yang bisa menyebabkan penyakit selain <em>kuru </em>ini. Oleh sebab itu, penting sekali para tenaga medis untuk berpikir secara holistik dalam penanganan suatu penyakit karena ada banyak hal yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya suatu penyakit.</p>
<p align="right">Written by: Catherine Maname Uli</p>
<p>Daftar Pustaka :</p>
<ol>
<li>Foto Kebiadaban Korban Kanibal. Available from the URL: <a href="http://andidwih.blogspot.com/2008/12/foto-kebiadaban-korban-kanibal.html">http://andidwih.blogspot.com/2008/12/foto-kebiadaban-korban-kanibal.html</a></li>
<li><em>Culture      Specific Deseases</em>.      Available from the URL: <a href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/medical/med_4.htm">http://anthro.palomar.edu/medical/med_4.htm</a></li>
</ol>
<p><em>Understanding Kuru: The Contribution of Anthropology and Medicine</em>. Available from the URL: <a href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1510/3715.full">http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1510/3715.full</a></p>
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		<title>The Kuru Desease Phenomenon</title>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 16 May 2009 14:27:02 +0000</pubDate>
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		<category><![CDATA[Medical Sciences]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Have you ever heard the kuru desease? Only a few of you have ever heard of it. However, more have heard of cannibalism.Cannibalism is a phenomenon where an animal eats another member of the same species, for example: the dog eats the other dog or the people eats the other people. Sometimes this phenomenon is [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=catherinemaname.wordpress.com&blog=4515786&post=282&subd=catherinemaname&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><p><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-283" title="kuru" src="http://catherinemaname.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/kuru.gif?w=300&#038;h=215" alt="kuru" width="300" height="215" />Have you ever heard the <em>kuru </em>desease? Only a few of you have ever heard of it. However, more have heard of cannibalism.Cannibalism is a phenomenon where an animal eats another member of the same species, for example: the dog eats the other dog or the people eats the other people. Sometimes this phenomenon is said <em>anthropophagus</em> (From the Greek  <em>anthrôpos</em>: people and <em>phagein:</em> eat). As <a href="http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/2009/04/16/petualanganku-di-corpus-manusa-part-ii/">the short story</a> that I had written about prion before, the <em>kuru </em>desease certainly related to the prion. If you are anxious to find out this <em>kuru </em>desease, now please join me in the <em>kuru </em>desease phenomenon investigation!</p>
<p><span id="more-282"></span></p>
<p><strong>Understanding <em>Kuru</em></strong></p>
<p><strong><em>Kuru</em></strong> is a fatal culture specific disease of the brain and nervous system that was found among the South Foré people of the eastern New Guinea Highlands. Evidence now points to <a href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/medical/glossary.htm#prion">prions</a> as being the cause. The symptoms include palsy, contracted face muscles, and the loss of motor control resulting in the inability to walk and eventually even eat. <em>Kuru</em> victims become progressively emaciated. The South Foré called this disease &#8220;trembling sickness&#8221; and &#8220;laughing sickness.&#8221; The latter description was due to the fact that the face muscles of victims were constricted in a way that looked like a smile. Death almost always occurs within 6-12 months of the onset of symptoms.</p>
<p><em>Kuru</em> was first recorded among the South Foré at the beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup> century and it progressively became more common up through the 1950&#8217;s. At its peak, it mostly afflicted women in their 20&#8217;s and 30&#8217;s. This caused major social problems. Normally, men had several wives and children were taken care by women. Now, however, there were too few marriageable women, and men were left with the child care duties. Men were resentful and confused by their situation. Since the South Foré had a personalistic explanation for illness, they logically assumed that <em>Kuru</em> was the work of witches who used <a href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/medical/glossary.htm#contagious_magic">contagious magic</a>. As a result, people became very careful at cleaning up their house sites to make sure that witches could not obtain any of their hair, fingernail clippings, feces, or personal belongings. Back at home, the sick women sometimes revealed the identity of their aggressor, said to have come to them in a dream. With the women present, men also conducted divination tests to reveal the sorcerers&#8217; identities, which often led to new tensions when the tests suggested that the sorcerers might be close neighbours and relatives. Witch hunts were organized and former witches were forced to confess and then join anti-witch cults. None of these steps slowed the rate of increase in the number of <em>Kuru</em> victims. Local leaders proposed that they would tell the kiap (the colonial government officer) that men were killing their women. They would also ask him to take all the men away to a ‘place nothing’, leaving only women and children behind. After some time in this remote place they would then return and see if <em>kuru</em> had finished or not. Angry men should kill just one man, destroy his dog or cut down his banana trees. One thing was enough. <em>Kuru</em> attacks were excessive.</p>
<p>In the early 1950&#8217;s, a team of Australian doctors began working to discover what caused <em>kuru</em> in hopes of finding a cure. Anthropologists traced cases of the disease in family lines to see if it was hereditary. Other field workers collected water, soil, plant, and animal specimens to test for environmental toxins. All of these attempts failed to discover the cause. In the late 1950&#8217;s, an American pediatrician named Carleton Gajdusek came to Papua New Guinea to try to solve the problem. Through the microscopic examination of tissue from people who died of <em>kuru</em>, he discovered that the disease organism was carried in the blood and was concentrated in brain tissue. The means of transmission was cannibalism. The South Foré ate their dead relatives as part of their funerary practices. Women butchered the corpses and were the main cannibals. They also gave this meat to their children. Men generally thought that it was unmanly. They had pigs to eat, while the diet of women and children was normally animal protein poor.</p>
<p>In the early 1960&#8217;s, cannibalism was outlawed in Papua New Guinea. Since then, the <em>kuru</em> rate has dropped off significantly but has not yet disappeared because of the very long incubation period for this disease. Between 1996 and 2004, 11 people were diagnosed with <em>kuru</em>. Apparently, all of them were born before 1950 and had contracted <em>kuru</em> before the end of cannibalism. This meant that the incubation period was 34-41 years in these cases.</p>
<p><strong>The Culture Behind The <em>Kuru </em>Desease</strong></p>
<p>It apparents that many of the <em>kuru</em> victims were not closely related biologically, but were kin in a non-biological sense.</p>
<p>The Fore named large regional clusters to which they believed they belonged (Ibusa, Atigina, Pamusa), but these district associations were misty entities with small differences in dialect and custom. The more meaningful units were smaller political entities, which we called parishes, consisting of one or several adjacent hamlets, the members having corporate interest in a defined territory and sharing a ‘spirit place’ or sacred grove. Ideally, these units joined for defence and settled internal quarrels peaceably. In the South Fore population of approximately 7000 in the early 1960s, 39 such units ranged in size from 41 to 525, with a mean of 180. The smallest parish subdivision was the Fore <em>lounei</em>, the line, a group of people who thought of themselves as descendants of a named patrilineal ancestor, who usually resided together and were exogamous, with a preference for men to marry their mother&#8217;s brother&#8217;s daughters. Allied lines were subject to a single incest taboo. They joined also in assembling bride price and in giving their own deceased kin to be consumed by the ‘line’ of their mothers&#8217; brothers, reinforcing the customary exchange of other items of value (pigs, shells, bodily substance) between kin related by kinship and marriage.</p>
<p>Unity and harmony within the political units, however, was tenuous. Immigrant lines formed enclaves and enjoyed dual rights as long as they continued to visit and maintain an interest in their original group. The acceptance of immigrant groups solved a problem facing colonizing populations, especially the Fore at that time—the shortage of marriageable women. The burden fell on newcomers whose incorporation into the group depended on demonstrated loyalty and observance of their new kinship obligations. These political units were said to possess ‘one blood’ and to stem from a common ancestor, conveying the idea of unity of those who reside and act together, and who also share the bodily substance of those who eat food grown on their land. In time, individuals who demonstrated continued commitment to their adopted group came to occupy the kinship status of ‘brother’ or ‘sister’ that these titles signified. Reference to common ancestors and common substance defined kinship status and provided a moral guide for living, but were not reliable statements of genetic relationships.</p>
<p>Fore genealogies were short, no more than five generations deep, two above and two below the young or middle-aged adult who provided the information. Instead of depth, the Fore relied on lateral expansions of relatedness. They readily permitted adoption, finding substitute parents in the father&#8217;s line for children orphaned by the death of their mothers by <em>kuru</em> and, in the past, the loss of their fathers by war injuries. Newly married couples were ‘lent’ infants by close kin, and adoptions took place also among less closely related people, gifts of fertility and labour eliciting a reciprocal exchange of wealth that underwrote the bond between the two parties.</p>
<p>One additional relationship concerns <em>wagoli</em> (‘base’ or ‘root’ men), war allies and trade partners whose territories were in the past considered places of refuge. <em>Wagoli</em> received a portion of their partner&#8217;s death payment. Each of them provided the other with elaborate hospitality, sisters of the host <em>wagoli</em> became <em>kagisa</em> sisters of the visitor and the host&#8217;s children his ‘sons’ and ‘daughters’. Some <em>wagoli</em> relationships were inherited from their parents, some they established themselves.</p>
<p>Over time, commitment to group defence and the sharing of resources tended to outweigh distant origin. The genealogies indicated that the Fore had ‘made invisible’ the origin of several adult men who were said to have belonged to a population that once lived south of Purosa, and who spoke Pawaian, a language not related to the East New Guinea Language Stock. Following a period of apparently harmonious interaction between the Fore and the Pawaians, the relationship had soured. The Fore burned down Pawaian houses and shot most of those who attempted to run away. The survivors, now adults, ‘became Fore’, and although we were told who they were, we were advised not to identify them. Our genealogical research thus indicated that the Fore definition of relatedness included people said to possess ‘one blood’, many of whom had acquired the status of close kinship by social means.</p>
<p>Fore kinship can best be described as formed by webs of attachment based on lateral extension rather than vertical depth, on optional bonding not simply biological ascription. This is a form of social organization suited to a mode of agricultural subsistence in which fields are frequently relocated, the population is relatively mobile, and groups fragment and recombine in new alignments.</p>
<p>Much has changed in the South Fore since the early 1960s. The Fore no longer consume deceased kin and <em>kuru</em> is thus no longer transmitted. With the waning of the epidemic, and public health services that have reduced infant mortality, the population has increased rapidly. The shortage of women is no longer a concern, most people have abandoned pig keeping, and wage labour and markets have supplanted the indigenous trade networks that provided access to resources. With the suppression of warfare (and the creation of refugees), as well as the production of coffee as a cash crop (tying people to their plantations), the Fore population is now less mobile. A kinship system fashioned to meet the social conditions that existed 50 years ago may no longer be entirely relevant. It is probable that some features that once characterized Fore kinship, such as the ready incorporation of immigrants, practices of adoption and the widespread creation of <em>kagisa</em> kin, may not be well suited to the current needs. ‘Wantoks’ (friends) seem to be a supplement to <em>wagoli.</em></p>
<p><strong>The Conclusion</strong></p>
<p>Kuru is one sample of disease that related to the culture: there are many examples from other cultures. So, it’s very important for medical staff to think holistically in resolving an epidemic because there could be many possible factors that shape disease transmission vectors.</p>
<p align="right">Written by: Catherine Maname Uli</p>
<p>The References :</p>
<ol>
<li><em>Foto Kebiadaban Korban Kanibal</em>. Available from the URL: <a href="http://andidwih.blogspot.com/2008/12/foto-kebiadaban-korban-kanibal.html">http://andidwih.blogspot.com/2008/12/foto-kebiadaban-korban-kanibal.html</a></li>
<li>Culture      Specific Deseases. Available      from the URL: <a href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/medical/med_4.htm">http://anthro.palomar.edu/medical/med_4.htm</a></li>
</ol>
<p>Understanding Kuru: The Contribution of Anthropology and Medicine. Available from the URL: <a href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1510/3715.full">http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1510/3715.full</a></p>
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		<title>Petualanganku di Corpus Manusa (Part II)</title>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2009 09:41:11 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[Medical Sciences]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cerpen]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Aku berjalan ke sana, di mana seharusnya kuberada
Menjauh dari kesempurnaan, mendekat pada kenyataan
Masuk dalam kesadaran bahwa kau dan aku berbeda
 
Tiada yang salah, kau dan akupun tidak!
Hanya nasib yang dapat membawa kita pada satu jawaban
Jawaban dari realitas hidup ini
 
Kau unik, akupun unik
Tolong jangan persalahkan aku dengan kenyataan ini!
Hai, kaum manusa sadarlah bahwa aku sama [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=catherinemaname.wordpress.com&blog=4515786&post=278&subd=catherinemaname&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><em><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&quot;">Aku berjalan ke sana, di mana seharusnya kuberada</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><em><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&quot;">Menjauh dari kesempurnaan, mendekat pada kenyataan</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><em><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&quot;">Masuk dalam kesadaran bahwa kau dan aku berbeda</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><em><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&quot;"> </span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><em><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&quot;">Tiada yang salah, kau dan akupun tidak!</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><em><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&quot;">Hanya nasib yang dapat membawa kita pada satu jawaban</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><em><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&quot;">Jawaban dari realitas hidup ini</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><em><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&quot;"> </span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><em><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&quot;">Kau unik, akupun unik</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><em><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&quot;">Tolong jangan persalahkan aku dengan kenyataan ini!</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><em><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&quot;">Hai, kaum manusa sadarlah bahwa aku sama sepertimu,</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><em><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&quot;">perlu beradaptasi untuk bertahan</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;"><span> </span>Masa lalu. Ya, aku teringat masa lalu! Semua mahluk di dunya ini punya masa lalu. Ingat hai kaum manusa, masa lalu bukan hanya monopoli kaummu saja! Aku juga punya masa lalu. Masa lalu yang <em>bizarre</em>, yang penuh ketidakpastian, kebimbangan, dan keabsurdan. Sepertinya aku sudah pernah berbagi <a href="http://catherinemaname.wordpress.com/2008/12/24/petualanganku-di-dalam-corpus-manusa/">cerita</a> denganmu mengenai pengalamanku ketika aku berada dalam ketidakjelasan mengenai apa yang terjadi denganku. Namun, akhirnya aku bisa bertemu dengan sobat-sobat cilikku dari kaum virus, bakteri, dan jamur. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;">Baiklah, sekali lagi aku akan memperkenalkan diriku. Namaku Prion. Kata sobatku, <em>Streptococcus pneumonia</em> dari kaum bakteri, aku adalah protein ion yang keberadaannya bisa mengganggu kesehatan manusa. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;">Iya, benar, hanya kata sobatku karena aku sama sekali tidak mengerti siapa diriku sebenarnya! Itulah yang kukatakan masa lalu yang <em>bizarre</em>, yang penuh ketidakpastian, kebimbangan, dan keabsurdan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;"><span> </span>Namun, kupikir masa lalu adalah masa lalu, biarlah itu menjadi sesuatu memori hidup. Aku sekarang sudah lebih matang dibandingkan masa lalu. Walaupun masa lalu <em>bizarre, </em>aku pikir masa lalu adalah kunci untuk proses kematangan diri. Masa lalu membuat diri memperoleh jawaban atas pencarian jati diri.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;"><span> </span>Izinkan aku saat ini untuk mendeskripsikan segala hal mengenai diriku! Aku sadar diriku dan dirimu adalah berbeda. Namun, jika kita saling memahami satu sama lain kita bisa membangun ikatan silahturahmi yang baik. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;">Jika Anda berminat, selamat menikmati gambaran diriku di sini! Mohon maaf jika aku sedikit memberi kesan membangga-banggakan diri karena semuanya itu adalah berdasarkan kenyataan! Hahaahaa..</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;">Berbeda, bukan aneh tapi UNIK!!</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;"><span> </span>Ternyata apa yang dikatakan sobatku, <em>Streptococcus pneumonia</em> ada benarnya juga. Aku memang suatu protein yang disebut Prion singkatan dari <em>proteinaceous infectious particles</em>. Kaumku sebenarnya adalah golongan protein normal yang disebut <em>Prion for cellular</em> disingkat PrP<sup>c </sup>atau PrP<sup>sen </sup>(protein prion yang sensitif terhadap degradasi oleh enzim proteinase K). Kaumku sepertinya hidup di dalam corpus mamalia, salah satunya hidup dalam tubuhmu hai manusa! Fungsiku dalam keadaan normal sebenarnya masih belum jelas, mungkin berperan dalam metabolism tembaga (Cu) di neuron dan transmisi sinaptik. PrP<sup>c </sup>manusia dikode oleh gen PRPN pada kromosom 20. PrP<sup>c </sup><span> </span>bersifat mudah larut dalam deterjen dan dapat dicerna oleh proteinase K. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;"><span> </span>Namun, menurut penelitian dalam dunia kedokteran PrP<sup>c </sup>dapat mengalami konversi menjadi isoformnya yang patologis, yaitu: PrP<sup>res </sup>karena resisten terhadap degradasi oleh enzim proteinase K, yang tidak bisa larut dalam deterjen. Nah, karena perubahan sifat itulah pada PrP<sup>res </sup>akan terakumulasi di neuron dan dalam jangka panjang menimbulkan kerusakan neuron.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;">Semua penyakit Prion dikaitkan dengan akumulasi PrP<sup>res </sup>pada lisosom dan vakuola sitoplasma jaringan otak. Susunan polipeptida PrP<sup>c </sup>dan PrP<sup>res </sup>identik dari segi komposisi asam aminonya, tetapi berbeda dalam susunan tiga dimensional.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;">PrP<sup>c </sup>banyak mengandung rantai </span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;"><span>a</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;"> dan sedikit rantai β, sedangkan PrP<sup>res </sup>mengandung sedikit rantai </span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;"><span>a</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;"> dan lebih banyak rantai β.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;"><span> </span>Penyakit Prion bisa dikatakan unik karena berbeda dengan penyakit infeksi lain, seperti yang disebabkan sobat-sobatku: virus, bakteri, dan jamur karena agen penyebabnya, yaitu protein Prion abnormal (PrP<sup>res</sup>) tidak memiliki asam nukleat. Keunikan lain yang kami miliki adalah penyakit Prion dapat timbul melalui penularan secara iatrogenic dan dapat pula sebagai penyakit genetik yang diturunkan atau timbul secara sporadik akibat mutasi spontan gen pengkode protein prion (gen PNRP).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;"><span> </span>Absorbsinya ke dalam corpus manusa mungkin lewat dinding usus, kemudian difagositosis di jaringan limpa seperti tonsil dan lien, dan kemudian mencapai jaringan saraf pusat.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;"><span> </span>Cara replikasinya diduga melalui pembentukan ikatan antara PrP<sup>c </sup>dan PrP<sup>res </sup>selanjutnya PrP<sup>res </sup>akan mengubah PrP<sup>c </sup>menjadi dua molekul PrP<sup>res </sup><span> </span>baru, akibatnya akan terjadi akumulasi PrP<sup>res </sup>dalam jumlah besar.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;"><span> </span>Mekanisme pembentukan PrP<sup>res </sup>pada penyakit Prion herediter adalah mutasi pada gen PRPN yang menyebabkan terbentuknya mutan PrP<sup>c </sup>yang bersifat tidak stabil dan dapat berubah secara spontan menjadi PrP<sup>res</sup>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;" align="right"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;">Written by: Catherine Maname Uli</span></p>
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